Nitrogen and Water Use Efficiency in Coffee
By:Alveiro Salamanca-Jimenez
Published on 2015 by
Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is an important commodity worldwide and the major crop grown in Colombia, where the most common yield-limiting factors are nitrogen (N) and soil moisture. An adequate N supply is especially important during the critical early growth stages, since any deficiency during this short period is known to have lasting effects on subsequent coffee bean production. On the other hand, low N use efficiency and environmental issues have been reported due to volatilization and leaching of N fertilizers associated with the relief and climate conditions. Aiming to better understand coffee plant response to these limiting factors we set up three experiments under greenhouse conditions at UC Davis and another one in the central coffee region in Colombia. Evaluating plant growth and 15NH3 assimilation as affected by N form and different air CO2 concentrations we found that aboveground biomass production was stimulated under elevated CO2 and enhanced by NH4+ fertilization, while greater belowground growth was observed under NO3− regardless of CO2 levels. Also, plants grown under elevated CO2 and NH4+ assimilated less carbon and N from a pulse of 13CO2 and ammonia (15NH3) gas than plants grown under ambient CO2 and NO3−. Two other experiments with different levels of water and N allowed investigation of the main responses associated with N doses and water availability. Biomass allocation is more affected positively by N and may change drastically depending on water stress. N also plays an important role in regulating evapotranspiration and water use efficiency, with plants transpiring more in wetter soils but regulating physiologically water use under drier soil conditions, as supported by changes in 13C discrimination and stem water potential of water stressed plants grown under higher N levels. The best results in terms of WUE and NUE were attained when coffee seedlings grown in wetter soil received 0.4 g N per plant, as they acclimated relatively well to the imposed conditions. The field study comparing two fertilizer application methods, broadcast and incorporation, on N use efficiency in two contrasting coffee-growing regions provided unique information in coffee plants during the early vegetative growth stage. N uptake from fertilizer in coffee was associated with climate conditions and reached a maximum value 60 days after application. The fertilizer supplied approximately 20-29% of the total N in plants, but this represented only 5% of the total application, indicating a very low efficiency during this time which may explain the null effect of the application method. All these findings provided insight into other factors related to water and N use efficiency, especially N loss, and provide direction for further research on the ultimate viability of N fertilization practices under soil and climate conditions typical of Colombian coffee crops. In the future, we aim to generate or optimize recommendations for maximizing growth of coffee seedlings, while contributing to long-term reductions in economic and environmental impacts attributed to N fertilizers, making coffee production more economically profitable and sustainable.
This Book was ranked at 40 by Google Books for keyword fertilizing for maximum yield.
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Book which was published by since 2015 have ISBNs, ISBN 13 Code is 9781321807226 and ISBN 10 Code is 1321807228
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